對於下面兩個有關 who/that句子的結構, 我不大瞭解。請分析:

問：對於下面兩個句子的結構, 我不大瞭解。請分析:

1. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. 不犯錯誤的人將一事無成。
2. He that cannot obey cannot command. 不會服從的人就不會指揮。

【答】 在現代英語裡, 人稱代名詞we, he, she 通常是不受形容詞子句來修飾或限定的。像we who/ that, he who/ that, she who/ that 這樣的用法只出現在古文體和非常正式的境裡, 帶有古色古香的味道, 例如He that can discern the loveliness of things, we call him a poet. (能夠覺察到事物之美的人, 我們稱之為詩人。) He that parts us shall bring a brand from heaven. (Shakespeare) (跟我們分開的人就必須打上天國的烙印。) 因此, 我們在格言和諺語裡常常見到這種用法:

1. He cannot speak well that cannot hold his tongue. 不懂保持沉默之人非善言者。
2. He that commits a fault thinks everyone speaks of it. 犯錯誤的人總以為人人都在說他的不是。
3. He that touches pitch shall be defiled. 近墨者黑。
4. He laughs best who laughs last. 誰笑到最後誰笑得最好。
5. He who hesitates is lost. 優柔寡斷者必然坐失良機。
6. He who excuses himself accuses himself. 替自己申辯就等於控訴自己。

在現代英語裡, 大都用those who 或anyone (anybody) who 來代替上面的古色古香的用法:

1. Those who help the handicapped deserve our support. 幫助殘疾人的那些人應得到我們的支持。
2. Heaven helps those who help themselves. 自助者, 天助(天助自助者/ 天道酬勤) 。
3. Anybody who helps the handicapped deserves our support. 凡幫助殘疾人者都應獲得我們的支持。